This work explores the evolution and challenges of the educational system in France, structured into three main parts. The first section discusses the relationship between education and the state, examining industrial societies and their educational issues, the establishment of state education in France, and the political implications of state monopoly in education. It highlights the emergence of a teaching republic during the Third Republic. The second part, titled "Le Catoblépas," addresses the disruptions within the teaching community amidst changing educational challenges, focusing on the Ministry of National Education's intervention capabilities and the complexities of managing educational policies. It critiques the deterioration of state education in light of these challenges. The final section emphasizes the need for modernization outside the traditional state education framework, identifying new problems and actors in a highly industrialized society. It discusses the transformation of educational offerings to meet contemporary demands and the evolving role of the state in addressing educational issues. The work concludes with reflections on the historical shifts in educational thought, supported by legislative texts and a comprehensive bibliography, providing a thorough examination of the French educational landscape from 1791 to 1968.
