Fully electronic CMOS DNA sensor chip

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This work presents a fully integrated microsystem for DNA detection utilizing direct electrical detection through an electrochemical method. This approach offers excellent sensitivity, high integration levels, and reduced costs, positioning it as a promising alternative to traditional optical methods. The design of the transducer element and electronic sensor circuitry is based on fundamental physical processes related to electrochemical detection. Pixel circuits were developed to bias electrochemical reactions and process the resulting electrical signals at each sensor position. A potentiostat circuit was incorporated to control the analyte's potential, ensuring proper electrochemical performance. Additionally, various peripheral circuits were designed for seamless system operation and chip interfacing. The electronic sensor and readout circuitry were realized as an ASIC, leveraging standard CMOS technology with added steps for forming electrochemical transducer electrodes. Prototype sensor array chips, featuring up to 128 positions, were designed, fabricated, and characterized using a built-in electrical test mode, demonstrating functionality with biological materials.