Characterization of Japanese soil-borne wheat mosaic virus movement protein and investigation of interacting host-plant factors

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The Japanese soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (JSBWMV) infects barley and wheat, transmitted by the biotrophic root parasite Polymyxa graminis. No resistances against JSBWMV or its vector are known for barley, making understanding the virus-host interplay crucial. Using Nicotiana benthamiana as a model, this study explored the viral life cycle, emphasizing the importance of movement proteins (MPs) for infection establishment. The JSBWMV MP, part of the 30K MP-family, was localized to plasmodesmata and punctuate spots in the plasma membrane, revealing a self-interaction not previously documented for furoviral MPs. Co-immunoprecipitation techniques identified interacting RNAs and proteins, showing that the MP interacts with RNAs potentially encoding transcription factors. Two plant proteins were confirmed to interact with the MP, including a P-type pentatricopeptide-repeat-containing protein (PPR), which localized to both chloroplasts and cytoplasm/plasmodesmata. RNA-IP experiments suggested the PPR may regulate mRNA in chloroplasts. Additionally, the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), a chaperone, was upregulated in response to JSBWMV MP overexpression, indicating its role in plant defense. Interactions between MP, HSP70, and beta-1,3-glucosidase, a key regulator of plasmodesmata, were established. These findings enhance understanding of MP interactions with host cells during viral infection, potentially informing future resistance st