The twofold existence of particles and nuclei

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This book introduces a systematic method for transferring knowledge across different levels of reality, such as from the molecular to the subatomic level, bridging chemistry and particle physics. It posits that dark matter exists in an inaccessible "basic space," which is not directly observable in space-time. Virtual particles are described as real entities within this circular space. The mass scale of fundamental particles, like leptons and quarks, can be calculated using a theoretical model. Quarks' strange broken charges are reinterpreted as integer elementary charges, with broken values appearing as averages over various quark states. Notably, singularities associated with the point-like nature of fundamental particles do not manifest in basic space, as particles and their subcomponents are extended, alleviating many mathematical challenges. However, readers should approach with caution. The dual particle model presented aligns mostly with the Standard Model but employs some alternative solutions, such as a mass generation mechanism that does not involve the Higgs field. Additionally, while the physical laws in circular basic space align with classical mechanics and electrodynamics, the Coulomb law is modified to use circular distances between interacting charges instead of linear ones.