External embeddedness of subsidiaries

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In the fields of International Business and International Management, it is recognized that product innovations are developed not only by headquarters (HQs) but also by foreign subsidiaries. These subsidiaries leverage knowledge gained from inter-organizational relationships with stakeholders such as customers, suppliers, competitors, research institutions, and government entities. Once completed, product innovations may be utilized solely by the originating subsidiaries or transferred to other units within the multinational corporation (MNC), including HQs or other subsidiaries. This work explores the product innovation process in foreign subsidiaries and the subsequent transfer of innovations to other MNC units, using the pharmaceutical industry as a case study. It identifies the stakeholders influencing product innovation development and analyzes the roles of various stakeholders—beyond the commonly studied customers and suppliers—throughout the innovation process. Additionally, it outlines the complex structures and processes that pharmaceutical MNCs have established for transferring newly developed innovations internally. This book serves as a resource for researchers and students in International, Strategic, or Innovation Management, focusing on inter-organizational and intra-organizational dynamics and knowledge flows. It is also beneficial for managers overseeing product innovation and transfer processes, along with re