Creating Minds

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Howard Gardner transformed our understanding of intelligence, challenging the idea that it is a singular capacity. In this work, he expands on his framework to provide a groundbreaking perspective on creativity, spotlighting seven individuals who redefined various fields. Drawing from his concept of seven “intelligences,” which include musical and self-understanding, Gardner explores the lives of Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, Pablo Picasso, Igor Stravinsky, T.S. Eliot, Martha Graham, and Mahatma Gandhi. Each exemplifies a unique intelligence through their significant creative breakthroughs, which not only illuminate their achievements but also reflect the modern era that shaped and was shaped by them. By examining these pivotal moments, Gardner identifies patterns essential to understanding the creative process. He argues against the notion of a singular creativity, presenting evidence of shared personality traits and needs among creative individuals. He notes that initial breakthroughs often take a decade to achieve, with further developments requiring additional time. Gardner highlights the importance of supportive environments and the influence of informed peers in fostering creativity. He also acknowledges that extraordinary creativity often comes with significant personal costs.