The Pacificus-Helvidius Debates of 1793-1794: Toward the Completion of the American Founding

Focusing on the foundational debate over executive versus legislative powers, this book explores the Pacificus-Helvidius discussions sparked by President Washington's Neutrality Proclamation in 1793. Hamilton defended the constitutionality of Washington's decision, suggesting that inter-branch friction was a natural outcome of the separation of powers. In contrast, Madison warned that such actions could alter constitutional interpretations. Though the debates did not settle the issue, they established a framework for ongoing discussions about foreign policy and constitutional authority in America.